Literature/References

12. Literature/References

This document is based on an extensive study and review of current clinical research on adrenal insufficiency.

Allolio B: Adrenal crisis. Eur Journal of Endocrinology (2015) 172: 115–124

Arlt W: The approach to the adult with newly diagnosed adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:1059–67

Arlt W, Allolio B. Adrenal insufficiency. Lancet 2003; 361:1881–93

Bancos I, Hahner S, Tomlinson J, Arlt W: Diagnosis and management of adrenal insufficiency. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015; 3: 216–26 

Bensing S, Brandt L, Tabaroj F, Sjoberg O, Nilsson B, Ekbom A, Blomqvist P, Kampe O: Increased death risk and altered cancer incidence pattern in patients with isolated or combined autoimmune primary adrenocortical insufficiency. Clinical Endocrinology 2008 69 697–704 

Bergthorsdottir R, Leonsson-Zachrisson M, Oden A, Johannsson G: Premature mortality in patients with Addison’s disease: a population-based study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2006 91 4849–4853

Betterle C, Morlin L: Autoimmune Addison’s disease. Endocr Dev 2011; 20: 161–72

Bleicken B, Hahner S, Loeffler M, et al.: Influence of hydrocortisone dosage scheme on health-related quality of life in patients with adrenal insufficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010; 72: 297–304.

Braatvedt GD, Newrick PG, Corrall RJ: Patients’ self administration of hydrocortisone. BMJ 1990 301 1312

Broersen LH,  Pereira AM, Otto J,  Jorgensen JO, Dekkers OM: Adrenal Insufficiency in Corticosteroids Use: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Jun;100(6):2171-80

Chabre OGoichot BZenaty DBertherat J: Epidemiology of primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency: Prevalence and incidence, acute adrenal insufficiency, long-term morbidity and mortality. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2017 Dec;78(6):490-494

Chan S, Debono M: Replication of cortisol circadian rhythm: new advances in hydrocortisone replacement therapy. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jun;1(3):129-38 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2042018810380214 

Charmandari E, Nicolaides NC, Chrousos GP: Adrenal insufficiency. THE LANCET, Vol 383, 9935: 2152–2167, 2014

Chrousos, P, Magiakou MA: Glucocorticoid Therapy and Adrenal Suppression. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-2011 Jan 11.

Crowley RK, Argese N, Tomlinson JW, Stewart PM: Central Hypoadrenalism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, November 2014, 99 (11): 4027–4036

Debono M, Ross RJ: Optimal glucocorticoid therapy. Endocr Dev. 2011;20:173-80

Debono M, Ross RJ: What is the best approach to tailoring hydrocortisone dose to meet patient needs in 2012? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013 May;78(5):659-64. 

Falorni A, Minarelli V, Morelli S. Therapy of adrenal insufficiency: an update. Endocrine 2013; 43: 514–28

Gargya A, Chua E, Hetherington J, Sommer K, Cooper M: Acute adrenal insufficiency: an aide-memoire of the critical importance of its recognition and prevention. Internal Medicine Journal, 2016 Royal Australasian College of Physicians

Grossman AB: Addison Disease (Addison’s Disease; Primary or Chronic Adrenocortical Insufficiency)
http://www.msdmanuals.com/en-au/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/adrenal-disorders/addison-disease (Last full review/revision May 2016)

Grossman AB: Clinical Review: The diagnosis and management of central hypoadrenalism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 4855–63

Grossman AB: Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency
https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/adrenal-disorders/secondary-adrenal-insufficiency (Last full review/revision May 2016)  

Grossman AB: The Diagnosis and Management of Central Hypoadrenalism
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, November 2010, 95 (11): 4855–4863

Grossman A, Gudmundur Johannsson G, Marcus Quinkler M, Zelissen P: Perspectives on the management of adrenal insufficiency: clinical insights from across Europe.
http://www.eje-online.org/content/169/6/R165.full

Hahner S, Allolio B: Therapeutic management of adrenal insufficiency. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Apr;23(2):167-79

Hahner S, Burger-Stritt S, Allolio B: Subcutaneous hydrocortisone administration for emergency use in adrenal insufficiency. European Journal of Endocrinology 2013 169 147–154

Hahner S, Hemmelmann N, Quinkler M, Beuschlein F, Spinnler C, Allolio B: Time lines in the management of adrenal crisis – targets, limits and reality. Clinical Endocrinology, 2014

Hahner S, Loeffler M, Bleicken B, Drechsler C, Milavanovic D, Fassnacht M et al.: Epidemiology of adrenal crisis in chronic adrenal insufficiency: the need for new prevention strategies. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 162: 597–602.

Hahner S, Loeffler M, Fassnacht M, Weismann D, Koschker AC, Quinkler M, Decker O, Arlt W, Allolio B: Impaired subjective health status in 256 patients with adrenal insufficiency on standard therapy based on cross-sectional analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007 92 3912–3922

Hahner S, Spinnler C, Fassnacht M, Burger-Stritt S, Lang K, Milovanovic D, Beuschlein F, Willenberg HS, Quinkler M, Allolio B: High Incidence of Adrenal Crisis in Educated Patients With Chronic Adrenal Insufficiency: A Prospective Study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2015; 100 (2): 407–416

Han J, Repping-Wuts W, Nike M, Stikkelbroeck M, Noordzij A, Kerstens M et al.: A glucocorticoid education group meeting: an effective strategy for improving self-management to prevent adrenal crisis. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 169: 17–22

Husebye ES, Allolio B, Arlt W, Badenhoop K, Bensing S, Betterle C, Falorni A, Gan EH, Hulting AL, Kasperlik-Zaluska A et al.: Consensus statement on the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with primary adrenal insufficiency. Journal of Internal Medicine 2014 275 104–115

Johannsson G, Skrtic S, Lennernäs H, Quinkler M, Stewart PM: Improving outcomes in patients with adrenal insufficiency: a review of current and future treatments. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014 Sep;30(9):1833-47

Johannsson G, Falorni A, Skrtic S, Lennernas H, Quinkler M, Monson J et al.: Adrenal insufficiency: review of clinical outcomes with current glucocorticoid replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf ) 2014; 82: 1–0

Jung C, Inder W: Management of adrenal insufficiency during the stress of medical illness and surgery. Med J Aust 2008; 188: 409–13

L.v.s K, Gjesdal CG, Christensen M, et al.: Glucocorticoid replacement therapy and pharmacogenetics in Addison’s disease: effects on bone. Eur J Endocrinol 2009; 160: 993–1002

L.v.s K, Husebye ES: Replacement therapy for Addison’s disease: recent developments. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17: 497–509

Margulies P: MOST COMMON SYMPTOMS OF ADRENAL HORMONE REPLACEMENT EXCESS AND DEFICIENCY, Website of The National Adrenal Diseases Foundation, NADF
http://nadf.us/downloads/HORMONE_LEVEL_QUICK.pdf

Nenke MA, Torpy DJ: Addison’s disease: Managing ‘sick days’ to avoid crises. Endocrinology Today FEBRUARY 2014, VOLUME 3, NUMBER 1

Nieman L. Treatment of adrenal insufficiency in adults. In: Lacroix A, ed. UpToDate. Waltham: Wolters Kluwer; 2013.

Oksnes M, Bensing S, Hulting AL, Kampe O, Hackemann A, Meyer G, Badenhoop K, Betterle C, Parolo A, Giordano R et al.: Quality of life in European patients with Addison’s disease: validity of the disease specific questionnaire AddiQoL. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012 97 568–576

Øksnes M, Ross R, Løvås K: Optimal glucocorticoid replacement in adrenal insufficiency. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Jan;29(1):3-15

Quinkler M, Beuschlein F, Hahner S, Meyer G, Schöfl C, Stalla GK: Adrenal cortical insufficiency—a life threatening illness with multiple etiologies. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2013; 110(51–52): 882–888

Quinkler M, Hahner S: What is the best long-term management strategy for patients with primary adrenal insufficiency? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 76: 21–25

Regal M, Páramo C, Sierra SM, Garcia-Mayor RV. Prevalence and incidence of hypopituitarism in an adult Caucasian population in northwestern Spain. Clin Endocrinol 2001; 55:735-40.

Reisch N, Arlt W: Fine tuning for quality of life: 21st century approach to treatment of Addison’s disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2009; 38: 407–18

Rushworth RL, Torpy DJ: A descriptive study of adrenal crises in adults with adrenal insufficiency: increased risk with age and in those with bacterial infections. BMC Endocrine Disorders 2014, 14:79 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6823/14/79 

Rushworth RL, Torpy DJ: Adrenal Crises and Hydrocortisone for Adrenal Insufficiency. Horm Metab Res 2015; 47: 427–432

Rushworth RL, Torpy DJ: Adrenal insufficiency in Australia: is it possible that the use of lower dose, short-acting glucocorticoids has increased the risk of adrenal crisis? Horm Metab Res 2015; 47: 427–32.

Rushworth RL, Torpy DJ, Falhammar H: Adrenal crises: perspectives and research directions. Endocrine (2017) 55:336–345

Tiemensma J, Andela CD, Kaptein AA, Romijn JA, van der Mast RC, Biermasz NR & Pereira AM: Psychological morbidity and impaired quality of life in patients with stable treatment for primary adrenal insufficiency: cross-sectional study and review of the literature. European Journal of Endocrinology 2014 171 171–182

van der Meij NT, van Leeuwaarde RS, Vervoort SC, Zelissen PM: Self-management support in patients with adrenal insufficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2016 Oct; 85(4):652-9

Wass J, Arlt W: How to avoid precipitating an acute adrenal crisis. BMJ 2012; 345: e6333.

Whitaker MJ et al.: An oral multiparticulate, modified-release, hydrocortisone replacement therapy that provides physiological cortisol exposure. Endocrinology Research Review. Issue 17 – 2014

White K & Arlt W. Adrenal crisis in treated Addison’s disease: a predictable but under-managed event. European Journal of Endocrinology 2010 162 115–120
http://www.eje-online.org/content/early/2009/09/23/EJE-09-0559.full.pdf 

Woodcock T, Barker P, Daniel S, Fletcher S, Wass JAH, Tomlinson JW, Misra U, Dattani M, Arlt W, Vercueil A. Guidelines for the management of glucocorticoids during the peri‐operative period for patients with adrenal insufficiency (Guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists, the Royal College of Physicians and the Society for Endocrinology UK). Anaesthesia 2020, 75, 654–663
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/anae.14963

> CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Anatomy/Physiology | Types of Adrenal Insufficiency | Symptoms | Testing/Diagnosis | Treatment | Stress dosing/Sick day Management | Adrenal Crisis | Quality of Life and Risks | Other Conditions and Drugs | Long-term Management | Suggested Reading | Literature/References

Author: Gisela Spallek, MD PhD
Edited by Maria Stewart, Director of AIC and deputy editor Des Rolph, Associate Director of AIC